Eye testing instrument



-De.s,1936. l ml-:am 2,063,015

EYE TESTING INSTRUMENT Filed Jun 20, 1932 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 w I l' l' /l QYelermes n Dec. 8, 1936. A, AMES, JR 2,063,015

' EYE TESTING ISTRUMENT Filed June 2o, 1952 v :s sheets-sheet 2 I lNvENToR zpsols y Dec. 8, 1936'. A. AMESJR EYE TESTING, INSTRUMENT Filed June 20, 1932 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR (ldeler' zn'Jr.

Patented nec. s, i936 PATENT OFFICE 2,063,015 EYE TESTING INSTRUMENT Adelbert Ames, Jr., Hanover, N. H., assigner to trustees of Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H., a corporation of New Hampshire Application June 20, 1932, Serial.No. 618,200

44 Claims.

This invention relates to improvements in eye testing devices and has particular reference to improved methods and means of determining the nature and extent of certain defects of the human eyes and of correcting said defects.

Generally speaking, the present invention is an improvement of the testing instrumentaities and methods described and claimed in my Patent No. 1,946,925 of February 13, 1934, entitled Clinical optical mensuration instrument, and in Patent No. 1,944,871 of January 30, 1934, to Adelbert Ames, Jr. and Gordon H. Gliddon, entitled Clinical optical mensuration method and instrument, which Aare concerned with the testing of eyes for various conditions, as refractory, muscular, and ocular image size defects. The refractory and muscular defects are conventional and quite well known. whereas the discrepancies in size and shape of the ocular images of a pair of eyes,'here vin also referred to as size defects, are described in the above-mentioned Patent No. 1,944,871, in Patent No. 1,933,578 of November 7, 1933,-to Adelbert Ames, Jr. and Gordon H. Gliddon, entitled Eyeglasses for correcting retinal image asymmetry, and in various publications, as for example the Transactions of the Section on Ophthalmology of the American Medical Association, 1928. In the course of applicants investigations of ocular defects, it was found that these defects vary considerably in different positions of the eyes (the positions for distant vision and-for reading being of primary importance) and methods and apparatus for carrying out comparative-tests of the aforementioned defects under such conditions constitute one-of the principal features of the present invention. Y

In another important aspect, the. invention makes possible the movement of testing apparatus about horizontal as well as vertical axes through the center of rotation of the eyes, which feature, in conjunction with means for positively and reproduciblypositioning the eyes of a patient, permits the carrying out of certain new testing methods.

Another feature involves a peculiar arrangement in the same line of vision, of instrumentaliare carried out in such a manner that rays froml every visualized object fill the entire area of the pupil of the eye receiving these rays.

In still another aspect, the invention provide an arrangement of two test objects inthe same `line of vision which permits relative adjustment 5 in such a manner that either object may be nearer to the eye.

The principal object of the invention is therefore to provide an improved test for determining and correcting diierences of the size and shape 10 of the ocular image of one eye relative to that' of the other, either alone or simultaneously with determining and/or correcting the refractive and muscle condition of the eyes.

Another obj ect is to provide an improved test for 1l determining and correcting diierences of the size and shape of ocular images, of all errors of refraction and phoria whether associated or disassociated, and of theamplitudes of humanveyes in varying positions at which the eyes are actu- 2 ally used.

, Another object is to provide a simple, emcient and inexpensive instrument of the above character having its various adjustment controls placed where they may be easily manipulated by the pau tient or; the operator and by means-'of which the above mentioned tests may be made in a manner especially suitable for clinical purposes.

. 'Another object is to provide for accurately posltioning each eye relative to the test means prior 3 to the examination thereof. A

Another object is to provide an improved head support having means thereon which, when the head and therefore each eye of an individual is accurately positioned relative to the test means 35 ofthe instrument, the locations of the various parts of said head support may be recorded so that they may be quickly readjusted to the requirements of thatindividual in the future.

Another object is to" provide improved means 4o for preventing the forming of similar images in both eyes.

Another object is to provide more accurate means of determining the refractivecondition of each eye, or both eyes, while the eyes are converged at a certain angle, as for example by xin them on a target at a determined distance.

Still another object is to provide an arrangement of test lenses and test objects relatively to the eyes which permits especially accurate and simple tests. A Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparentA from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, and it will be understood that Il many changes may be made in the arrangement and details of parts and in the Aorder and steps of the processes described without departing from the spirit of the invention as set Vforth in the accompanying claimsr.: I, therefore, do not wish to be limited to the exactdetails shown and described v as the preferred forms only have been shown by way of illustration.

r'Referring to the drawings: A

Fig. I is-a perspective view of the device embodying the invention;

Fig. II is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of the upper central portion of the instrument shown in Fig. I;

Fig. III is a plan view of a portion of the test means shown in Fig. I;

Fig. IV is a. plan view of the under side of the member shown in Fig. III; l

Fig. V is a diagrammatic plan view of the device embodying the invention;

"Fig. VIis a sectional view taken on line VI-VI of Fig. II, looking in the direction indicate by the arrows; v

Fig. VII is a side elevation of the device shown in Fig. I showing the testing head of the instrument tilted forwardly and downwardly as when ,testing the eyes at substantially reading position;

Fig. VHI is a diagrammatic sectional view. illustrating a step in the process of; aligning the eyes relative to the test parts of ,the instrument prior tothe eye examination;

chart;

Fig. XIII is a diagrammatic view illustrating the appearance of the images of the test objects to a normal eye;

Fig. XIV is a diagrammatic view illustrating the appearance of the images of the test objects to eyes which have a defect known as exophoria; Fig. XV is a diagrammatic view illustrating the appearance of the images of the test objects to an eye having a defect known as cyclophoria;

Fig. XVI is a diagrammatic view illustrating the appearance of the refractive test means when in focus to the eye under test; and y Fig. XVII is a diagrammatic view illustrating the appearance of the images of the test objects to eyes having anover-all size diiference, and no phorias.

Most devices for determining the nature and extent of certain defects of the human eyes, yin the past, have been exceptionally cumbersome, lim

means` employed, depended mostly upon the inl telligence vof theindividual being examined.

It is, therefore, one of the primary objects ofA the invention to overcome the above defects by 'providingsimpla accurate and inexpensive means for testing-,the veyes of an individual in ai mmer particularly adapted for clinical use and bymeans of .which the judgment of the tests may be made more easily and accurately.

. desired adjustment is made.

adapted to cause its respective section 20 or 2I to. move about its pivot I9 and thereby causes the Another feature of the present invention is to "provide an instrument of the above 'character lated by the patient or the operator and also to v provide means by which the eyes of the patient may be examined in varying positions at which they are actually used.

Referring more particularly to the drawings wherein like characters of reference designate like parts throughout the several views, the device embodying the invention comprises in detail abase I having an adjustable chin rest A2 and adjustable forehead rests 3 thereon for supporting the head of the patient in a fixed position during the tests.

The chin rest 2 is threadedly attached to an upright 4 carried by a plate member 5. The said plate member is adjustably attached to the base I by a thumbscrew 6 and may be adjusted to any lateral position relative to the base. The adjustments of the plate member and chin rest 2, either lsidewise or toward and away from the patient, may be v determined by the position of av suitable cross line indicator 1 relative to a two dimensional scale 8 on the base I of the instrument. The chin rest is adjusted upwardly and downwardly by turning the hand wheel 9 and the position thereof is determined by an indicator Il) relative to a scale I I. The object of this arrangement is to provide means whereby the ad justments for different individuals may be permanently recorded so that the head support can be quickly reset tothe requirements of said individuals at different intervals in the future.

The forehead rests 3, as shown in Figures I and IX, may be adjusted by moving the forehead en-V gaging member I2 longitudinally of a slide support I3. The adjustment is obtained by means of a threaded rod I4 which is threadedly connected at I5 to the slide. support and which is Arotated by means of a thumb-piece I6. Suitable be constructed to be adjusted simultaneously if I desired.

A U shaped bracket member I8 pivoted at I9 to the base frame I is adapted to support the entire test mechanism of the instrument and allow the same to be tilted vertically so that the eyes may be tested in varying positions at whichthey are actually used, that is, both distant'and near positions.. 'The U shaped bracket I8 is lsepa.- rated into two sections 20 and 2| which may be separately lmoved about their respective pivots I9 if desired or clamped together for movement as a unit about the pivots. The separate'adjustment of 'each' of the sections 20 and 2| as shown f in Fig. II is accomplished by the'movement ot a pinion 22 relative to a rack 23. The pinion 22 in each instance is mounted on a shaft 24 attached to each of the upper parts loi' the sections 20 and 2| and is rotatedby means of a thumbwheel 25. A lock screw 26,15 provided for securing the pinion 22 against rotation after the The pinion 22 is various parts attached to the said section to be tilted forwardly or rearwardly. The rack 22 for each section is attached to a plate 21 Which is slideway 28 causes the sections 20 and 2| to move about the pivots 9 as a unit. A thumbscrew 29 is adapted to lock the plate 21 against sliding movement after the desired adjustment is made. It is apparent`that by loosening the lock screw 29 that both of the sections-2|) and 2| will be moved as a unit rearwardly or forwardly about their pivots I9. the plate21 on the slideway 28 about the pivots I9 is determined by a scale in degrees on slide-` tions 20 and 2| may be separately adjusted about their pivots |9. 'Ihe amount of the separate adjustment is determined by the scale 30 and the positionfof each indicator means 3| relative to said scale.

amount ofv tilting movement of thetest means. Attention is directed to the fact that the axes of the pivots I9 are adapted to pass through the horizontal centers of lrotation of the eyes. To deni'tely bringabout this result each of the pivots I9 is provided withA corneal aligning means 33. As shown in Figures I and X the pivots |9 are hollow in structure ,and are provided with aligned sight openings 34 through which the eye 35 of the examiner may view the eye 36 of the patient. Suitable aligning points 31 are provided adjacent the openings 34 to provide means with which the front surface of the corneas of the patient's eyes maybe aligned. The distance of these aligning points from the axes of the pivots I9 is such that when the said points are aligned with the corneas of the eyes the said pivot Vaxes will fpass through thehorizontal centers of. rotation of said eyes. v

'I'he'membvers 29 and 2| 'are provided with a slideway 38 inwhich a slide plate 39 is mounted.

Pivotally mounted at 40 to each of the slide plates Arm 4| further supports mirrors 45, which are light rays from the laterally arranged test means yinto the direct line of vision of the eyes. `These various elements are shown diagrammatically in Fig. V.

The placing of the trial lenses in holders 44 between eyes and mirrors allows the use of standard power test lenses with their markings, and avoids an excessive magnification resulting from a comparatively great distance of the lenses from the eyes. Further, if these lenses are in the path of the light rays coming from both, 'xation means (as for example target 92) and test object (for example lamp 6|), the distance of the point conjugate to the retina can be read directly from scale 94 without adding or substracting` the power of the corrective lens, which is necessary if the latter is placed between mirror and fixatio Object. v

The refractive test means 43 as shownin Figures I, III, IV, and VIII, comprises a tubular member 49 having a /plate 50 attached adjacent one end thereof. The said plate has a disc 5| The amount of' movement of A suitable stop 32 is provided at v 'each end of the arcuate slideway 28 to limit the pivotally attached thereto as indicated at 52. The disc 5| is provided with test type 53, a white spot 54, an astigmatic chart 55 and a sight opening 56. The astigmatic chart is yrotatable about a pivot 51 and suitable indicator means 58 vand a degree scale 59 is provided to determine the axis of rotation. Each of the members 53 to 56 inclusive are separately alignable with the tubular member 49 for 4selective use as illustrated in Fig. VIII. Suitable illuminating means 60 is provided for illuminating the various test charts. Adjacent the opposite end of the tubular member 49 there is provided a prism reflector 6| which is adapted to deflect the'light rays along the sight line of the instrument. A projection lens 62 adjacent the end ofthe tube 49 is adapted to project an aerial image of the test means to be visible to the eye under examination. The position of the aerial image with respect to the eye is varied by moving the test means 43 longitudinally of the slide 42. vThe test means 43 is operated by a hand wheel 63 positioned adjacent the head of the patient. The said hand wheel is connected to the test means 43 by a cord 64, which passes over a plurality of idler pulleys'65.

members 4| and the operating pinions 61 for moving said armsare mounted on the slide plates 39 on which the arms 4| are pivotally attached.

pivots 40 are separated an amount equal tothe pupillary distance of the patient. The amount of separation is determined by the positionv of the indicatore-1| relative to the scale 1|). The slide plate 39 as s hown in Figures II and VI, is ad-v justed longitudinally of the slideway 38 by means of a threaded shaft 12 and thumb wheel 13. 'I'he amount of angling in prism diopters of the arms 4| about their'pivots 40 as shown in Fig. l1, is

determined by the scales 1 4 and indicator means 15 formed adjacent the 'ends of the side arms 69.

When the distance between the pivots 4|l is changed to that of the pupillary distance of the *patient the angle of the arms 4| carrying the test chartsmust be changed in order to preserve a given vergence angle. To accomplish this result there is provided a plate 16 attached to the end of the slide way 38. This plate 16 is provided with an angled face'11 which is of such an angle that it will automatically causea contact member 18 attached to the side arm69 to move the arm 4| the necessary amount about the axis 40 when the slide plate 39 is moved longitudinally -of the slideway 38. This amount is such that it will compensate for the variation inthe vergence angl'e of the eyes at different pupillary distances. The plate member 16 is attached to the instrument in' such a manner that it may be readily detached if desired.

For the purpose of obtaining a test of the size and shape of ocular images, phorias and fusional amplitudes there isprovided a pair of charts 19 and 80. 4| at a. fixed distance with respect to the pivots These charts are attached to the arms' to varying angular positions relative to the eyes. The test chart 18, as shown in Figs. I, V and 2U, is provided with a central opening 8| in which is mounted a cross line transparent fixation member 82 and a. lens 83. The lens 83 is adapted to prevent a change in the size of the ocular image of the test means 53 when the position thereof is changed with respect to the eye of the patient. An illustration of the appearance of the cross line fixation means 82 and test means 53 when in focus to the eye under test is illustrated in Fig. XVI. Surrounding the openingv 8| is a fixation 'ring 88. This is to provide additional fixation means at the center of the test chart 18`. At op-` posite sides of the central opening 8| in both the horizontal and vertical meridians, there is provided a plurality of spaced lines 84. These lines are preferably black on a white background formed on the face of the chart. A black spot 85 is formed at the 45 meridians between the horizontal and vertical test lines 84 to provide addi-4 tional test means. 'I'he chart 18 is provided with an adjusting member 86 by means of which it may be rotated about the opening 8| as its center of rotation. This is to permit the spaced lines 84 and dots 85 to be moved to diierent meridians. The amount of movement is determined by suitable scale and indicator means 81 adjacent the side of the test chart. 'Ihe chart 18 is also provided on its horizontal and vertical meridians with slotted pin members 88 to which a thread line may be attached if desired. This is to form cross line xation means on the face of the chart .for use in making tests such as for cyclophoria or cyclo-fusiona] amplitudes.

The chart 88 at the'right'of the instrument, as shown in Figures I and XII, is similar in structure to that of the chart 18 only in this instance, instead of the lines 84, the chart is provided' with a plurality of pin hole openings 88. The said pinhole openings are located on opposite sides of the central opening 8| in both the vertical and horizontal meridiana and at the 45 meridians intermediate said vertical and horizontal meridians.

Each pin hole opening 88 is provided with illuminating means 88 on the side thereof away from the patient. This arrangement forms bright spots or stars visible to the right eye and provides means which, during the tests, are adapted to be matched'with the spaced'lines on the chart 18 at the left of the instrument. The appearance of the charts when in matched relation is shown 'in l Y If the patient is orthophoric and has no size or shape differences, the images of both eyes should be in. superimposed relation, both 'horizontally and/or muscular defects are eliminated.'

. l I l The front orthetest charters and an is illuminated by s iitable illuminating means 8| as shown in Figures I and V.

' A fixation object 82 placed approximately 20 -i'eet away from thepatient isadapted for use when distant tests are made. When the flxation object 82 is a plus lens 48 is placed between the eyes and the test means 48 ortest objects 18 and 88 Ias the' casemay be to effectively place them at said 20 `foot distance from the eyes.

When the 4 0 centimeter or reading test is made as shown in Fig. VII; the complete testing parts of the instrument are tilted forwardly and downwardly in the vertical meridian-about the pivots I8 as previouslyv stated. The arms 4| carrying the test objects 18 and 88 and test means 43 are swung forwardly about the pivots 48 to obtain the desired vergence angle or to place the test means in a plane approximately normal to the line of sight of each eye or at a position wherein the center 8| of the test charts 18 and88 coincides in the median plane ata distance of centimeters or the approximate reading distance.

To more accurately-"determine whether or not the eyes of the patient are in desired position relative to the test means prior to making the tests a l transparent member having a central cross line and ringmarking 88 thereon, as shown in Fig. VIII, isplaced in the lens holders 44 before the eyes of the patient. The observation opening 58 with its lens in the plate 52 is' then rotated into axial alignment with the tubular member 48 so that the examiner may viewthe position o f .the pupil of thepatient's eye with respect to the circle and cross line marking 83 before said eye. If the pupil does not properly align with the circle and cross line marking 83 the adjustments are altered until this conditim exists.

Some of the various tests accomplished by the instrument are as follows:l

The refractive vcondition of the eye is tested by 'placing the head oi' the patient in desired aligned position relative to the testing apparatus of the instrument. The refractive condition oi' the eyes may' be tested either when one eye only lis being y used or when both eyes are being used in binocular vision with fusion. Itonlyone eye is being sed the test is as follows. The .test means 53 is placed in aligned relation with the tubular member 48 so that vit is visible to the-eye under test.

The View of the eye net under test is shielded by screen members 41 and 48 such as shown in Fig. V. The

patient is.then told to observe the cross line fixa-4 tion means 82 and to operate the hand wheel 88 luntil the image oi' the test type 88 is clear as shown in Fig. XVI. The position at which the patient obtains clear vision is determined by a scale 84 formed on the side oi' the laterally extending slideway 42. This scale indicates whether or not the refractive condition of the eye is normal or abnormal and definitely determines the amount of refractive error if any exists. If the image of the test object 53 is projected to a plane in front of the fixation chart 18 or 88, as the case may be, or to the side thereof towards the eye under test, it indicates that the image is focused in front of the retina and that the eye is myopie for that particular nxation distance. 'I'his shows that a minus correction of the amount indicated onthe scale 84l is necessary. If the image is positioned at the rear of the fixation object 18 or 88, as the case may be, it indicates that a plus correction of the amount indicatedv is necessary.

It is to be understood that the above mentioned test is made' while the eye under test is fixed upon the cross line fixation means 82, and that each eye is tested separately.

When the refractive condition of the eyes is being tested while both eyes are being used in binocular vision with fusion the test is as follows.

In determining the refractive condition at near the test charts 18 and 88 are so placed that their centers 8| coincide at 40 centimeters, screens 41 having been removed to allow each eye to see its respective target and screens 48 being interposed to cut ofi the view from in front. The test means 53, consisting 'of lines of print is then placed in aligned relation to the tubular m'ember 49 so as to be` visible to the eye under test. Before the other eye, the test means 54 consisting of white paper is placed. The eyes fuse the circles and cross lines 92 at the'centers of the targets and their vergence and fixation are thereby held. 'I'he patient is then told to observe the cross line xation means l2 and -to operate the hand wheel -63 until the image of the test type 53 is clear as shown in Fig. XVI. The refraction of the other eye,is determined in a similar manner.

`In determining the refractive condition for a distance the screens 48 are removed so ,the patient can look through the minors at a fixation target 92 at a distance of 20 feet. then placed in alignment with the eye under test. The illumination is turned ofi of the targets 19 and 80. The patient sees only the fixation target at 20 feet and the test means 53 superposed thereon. The patient then operates the hand wheel 63 until the image of the test type 53 is clear.

'I'he test for astigmatism .is accomplished in a manner similar to that set forth above in connection with refraction only in this instance the Yastigmatic chart 55 is aligned with the tubular member 49 so that it is visible to the eye under test. The astigmatic chart is iirst rotated to the axis of astigmatism and is then moved back and forth along the line of sight of the instrument to a position wherein one group of lines is clear and distinct and is then moved back and forth until the other group of lines is clearand distinct. The position at which each group of lines is clear and distinct as determined by the scale 94 indicates the astigmatic intervaland its position.

The tests set forth' above are preferably made before the eyes are tested for size and shape, and also before the phoria tests are made but it is to be understood that'the'y may be made at any time desired.

The method of determining associated phoria is as follows:

In cases of exophoria or esophoria or that-condition ofthe eye in which the image of one target shifts tothe right or left of 'the image of the other target as shown in Fig. HV, so called horizontal slip or xation disparity the arms 4| and attached te'st charts 19 and 80 are swung about their pivots 40 until the lines 84 on the chart 'I9 and stars 89 on the chart 8|) coincide with each other as shown in Fig. XIII. It will now be understood that Figs. XIII, XIV, and XV represent appearances with binocular vision, of the ltest charts when no size difference exists, or, if present, has already been corrected with approprlate corrective lensesA insertedA in lens holders 44. It an image size difference exists, and it is not desired to correct it at this stage of the test, the arms are rotated about their horizontal and vertical axes I9 and 40, respectively, and the targets are rotated about their center 8l, until the lines and stars appear symmetrical about the xation object, as in Fig. XVII. If this is the case, the eyes are so positioned that no horizontal or vertical phorias lare present, and cyclophoria is compensated.' The amounts of the 'target movements necessary to produce this symmetrical target marks measure the amounts of the phorias. The amount ofchange` of vergencel The test means 53 is through the movement of the charts, necessary to correct this exophoric or esophoriccondition is determined by the position of the indicator T5 relative to the scale 14. The vertical xation disparity or slip is determined by shifting the arms 4I andattached test charts 19 and 80 about the pivots I9. This test `is accomplished by loosening the set screws 26 and turning the thumb wheels 25 an amount sufficient to cause the said arms 4I to move about their respective pivots I9 until the images of the test objects coincide with each other. The amount of movement necessary to bring about alignment of images is indicated by the scale 39 and indicator .means 3l.

All ofthe above conditions arev eiected -by correcting the refractive condition of ,the eyes and also by correcting the relative size diierences and in some cases by the use of prisms.

Cyclophoriaor that condition wherein the image of one target is rotated off axis with re- Y spect to the image of the other target, as shown in Fig. XV, is determined as mentioned above by rotating the test charts 19 and 8D about the hole 8| as the center of rotation until the images are in proper alignment. This gure shows the appearance of the targets when only cyclophoria -but no linear phorias or size diierences are present, or have already been eliminated. The

amount of movement necessary to bring about this alignment is determined by the position of a suitable indicator relative to the scale 81 adjacent the edge of each test chart. This adjustment is accomplished by the patient by grasping the lever 86 at the side of the chart and rotating aligned relation with each other.- These conditions are also eiected by correcting the errors of refraction and size diierences. Cyclophoria can be corrected by appropriate means, as for example by special Cyclophoria mirror lens devices such as shown and described inPatent No. 1,908,296 'to Adelbert Ames, Jr. and Gordon H. Gliddon, of May 9, 1933, entitled Optical correction of Cyclophoria.

Disassociated phoria is determined'by the use the said chart until the images are in desired of dissimilar test objects before the eyes and by v cants device through the provision of separate screens having totally dissimilar nonfusible center marks thereon. These ,screens are adapted to beplaced over the test objects 19 and 80. The amount of phoria is determined bythe number of prismy diopters vertically or horizontally or both through which one of the targets must be moved in order to cause the two dissimilar center points lto coincide. The amount in prism diopters of the vertical adjustment is determined by the scale 30' and of the horizontal adjustment by the scale 14. l

` In obtaining the horizontal fusiona] amplitude the arms 4I are moved about the pivots 40 until a poi-nt is reached Where the images on the test objects` 19 and 8U break, 'that is, the arms 4I are moved in or out to the limit at which fusion vzo can be maintained. 'I'he amount in or out is determinedby the scales 1l. The fusional amplitude inthe horizontal meridian for each eye separately may be obtained by moving the target of the eye under test while the target of the opposite eye is fixed, that is, for example, if the fusional amplitude of theleft eye is being tested, the left target is moved in or out until the limits in these respective positions are reached. The right eye in this particular instance remains xed. To determine the fusional amplitude of the right eye, the action is merely reversed. l

The vertical fusional amplitude is obtained in a similar manner to that of the horizontal byl moving the arms 4| about the pivots I9. #The amount of the movements is determined by they scale 30. .A

The cyclo-fusionalA amplitude `isbbta'ined by first placing a. thread line in the horizontal meridian of the test charts 1S and 80 as previously def scribed. The charts 19 and 80 are then rotated about the center opening 8| as the center of rotaample, to obtain the cyclo-fusional amplitude of the left eye, the left target is moved while the target for the right eye remains fixed. The cyclofusional vamplitude of the right eye is obtained in a similar manner-by causing the left eye to remain fixed during the movement of the right target. Diiference of these conditions ofthe eyes is effected by correcting refractions and size differences or by special cyclophoria mirror lenses which permit the images of both eyes to be balanced.

The variation in the size and shape of images or that condition wherein the image of one eye is larger than the other as shown in Fig. XVII, either overall or in different meridians is effected by correcting the errors of refraction and -also by the use of special no power magnifying or reducing lenses or special no power cylindrical lenses. These lenses and their applications are shown and described in Patent No. 1,933,578-to Adelbert Ames, Jr., and Gordon H. Gliddon,.of November 7, 1933, entitled Eyeglasses for correcting retinal image asymmetry.

. Fig. XVII indicates the appearance ofthe test charts when only image size discrepancies exist,

or when other vdefects have valready been elimlnatecl.. In carrying out size tests, the side arms are brought into positions corresponding to con-, vergence for distant vision, or approximately object. whereas the non-fusible, unlike objects are perceived separately. It they appear to be placed ln a manner not indicating the presence of phorlas only, or if they do not coincide after phorias have beep corrected, a size defect is present and can be corrected, and its amount measured by means 0f the above-mentioned corrective lenses. It lis evident that any size and shape'defect, be it overall. meridional, or combined, can be evaluated in this manner. The' instrument is then tipped about axis lg, the arms converged to reading distance, as described above, for example for carrying out refractive-tests, the eyes fusing yobjects 82 which maintain vergence and fixation.v The size test is then carried out as for distant vision.

The above mentioned rtests for refractory, muscular and sizevandshape vdefects are all obtained v when the eyes are positioned asin actual use and can be carried out together. 'I'he principalpositions at which these tests are made are at a distance causing relaxed accommodation,y as for example an eiective distance of,201`eet` when the eyes are looking straight-aheadr and when the eyes are lookingv` down, asin reading, for example'at .al distance of 40centimeter`s. The ndings from these various/ testsdetermine the nature and interdependency of thevariousdefects land the extent of .the correction required.

Attention is'directed tothe fact that the mirrors 45'employed in deecting the images of the test means into the line of sight of the patient are transparent and permit the eyes to view the fixation object 92. This, of course, could beaccomplished by the use of half silvered mirrors. or

mirrors having a sight opening therein or some 'v other suitable arrangement.

To produce dissimilar marginal images in both eyes during the various tests the vscreen 41 at the right of the instrument is provided with a circular opening 98 through which the tes't means 43 or 80 are visible.l The lscreen in this instance is provided with a hinged flap 99 by means of which the opening 98 may be closed when the view of the eye is to be shut off,

It will be evident that,4 as in the instrument 'described in the above-mentioned Patent No.

1,944,871, similar t-argets can be used for both eyes, for example by using for each eye a target having a pattern according to Fig. Xl or XII. In this manner, certain tests involving amplitude values of binocular vision could be carried out by changing ocular image sizes with the aid of trial lenses,v which tests, however, give only rather approximate results.

Fromthe foregoing description it will be seen that I have provided simple, accurate and inexpensive methods and means of accomplishing all of the objects and advantages of the invention in a manner more' particularly adapted for clini' cal use. I

Having described my invention I claim: 1. In a device of the character described, the

combination of means for fixing the patients eyes, test means positioned out of the field of direct vision of an eye under test, and optical means within the direct field of vision of the eyeunder test to afford vision of the test means, said test means and said optical means being supported for pivotal movement substantially about the vertical and horizontalcenters of rotation of the eye.

2. In a device of -the character-described, the combination 'of means for fixing the patients eyes, test means positioned out of the iieldof direct visionof each eye, and means interposed in the field of direct vision designed to deflect light rays to afford vision ofthe test means, said test means and said deflecting means being supported for pivotal movement substantially about the vertical and horizontal centers of rotation 4of each respective eye. i

- 3. In a'device of the characterdescribed, the

objects forr testing the eyes of the patient at varying positions at which they are actually used, means for supporting the test means for rotatory movement horizontally and vertically relative to vthe eyes and means for adjusting the axes of rotation so that they pass substantially through the i horizontal and vertical centers of rotation of the.

' eyes of the patient and means for supporting the test means for movement eiectively about axes each passing substantially through the horizontal centers of rotation of both eyes and about vertical axes passing substantially through the vertical centers ot rotation of the eyes.

5. In a'device of the character described, the Y combination of adjustable means for reproducibly fixing the position of the head of the patient relatively to the device, test means including visualization objects for testing the eyes of the patient at varying positions at which they are actually used, means for supporting the test means effectively for'movement relative to the eyes about horizontal and vertical axes, and means for adjusting said axes so that each horizontal axis passes substantially through the horizontal centers of rotation of both eyes and the vertical axes pass through the vertical centers of rotation of the eyes.

6. In a device of the character described, the combination of means for lpositioning the eyes of a patient relatively to the device and supporting means for each eye having xation means and separate variable test means, each supporting means being mounted for eective movement substantially about `the vertical and horizontal centers of rotation of an eye under test.

7. In a device of the character described, the combination of means for supporting the head of the patient for reproducibly positioning the eyes of the patient relatively to the device, test means arranged to be visible to the eye under test, said test means being supported for pivotal movement substantially about a vertical axis, and means for moving the pivot axis to accommodate for the pupillary distance of the patient and to a position wherein s aid axis passes substantially Vthrough the vertical center` of rotation of the eye.

l 8. In a device of the character described, the

vcombination of means for supporting the head of the patient, test means arranged to be visible to the eyes under test, said test means being supto be visible toA the eyes under test, said test.

means being supported for pivotal movement substantially about the vertical centers of rotation of the eyes, means for moving the pivot axes to accommodate for the pupillary distance of the patient and to position said axes in alignment with the vertical centers of rotation of the eyes, and means cooperating with said pivot axis moving means for automatically changing the relation of` the test means 'an amount sufficient to' compensate for the variation. 'in the vergence le for diierent pupillarydistances.

combination 4of means for positioning thev eyes of 10. In a deviceof the character described the v a patient with separate substantially similar.

test means for leach eye mounted one on each side of said positioning means for effective movement substantially about the horizontal centers of rotation of the eyes. v

11. In a. device of the character described theA combination of means for positioning the eyes of a patient with separate substantially similar targets for each eye mounted one on each side of said -positioning means, said targets havingv similarly arranged test objects, means for the apparent visual superposition of said test objects, and means for eiective movement of said targets substantially about the horizontal centers of rotation of the eyes.

12. In a device of the character described, the

combination of test vmeans including visualization objects for testing the eyes of the patient at varying positions at which they are actually used,

combination of test means including Visualization objects for testing the eyes ofthe'patient.

at varying positions at which they are actually used and means for binocular :fixation of the eyes, means for supporting the test means for rotary movement relatively to the eyes about horizontal axes and means for adjusting said axes yso that they pass substantially through the centers of rotation of the eyes.

14. In a device of the-character described, the combination of means for positioning the eyes of the patient relatively to the device, test means including visualization objects for testing the eyes of the patient and means for supporting the test means f or movement eiectively about an axis passing substantially through the-horizontal centers of rotation of both eyes.

, 15. In a device of the character described, the combination of means for positioning the eyes of a patient relatively to the device and supporting means for each eye having fixation means and separate variable test means, each supporting means being mounted for eective movement substantially about'the horizontal center of rotation of an eye under test. e

16. In a device of the character described the -combination of a head support, separate substantially similar test means for each eye pivotally connected one on each side of the head support, means for moving the test means separately about their respective pivot axes and means for convthe separate test means for movement as a unit about said axes and means lfor determining the 75 5 tially similar test means for 4each eye pivotallyconnected one on each side of thel head support, said test means being horizontally pivoted for vertical movement, means for moving the test means separately about their respective pivot axes l and means forconnecting the separate test means for movement as a unit about the horizontal pivot axes. 19. In a device of the' character described the i combination. of separate test means connected l one on each side of the device for rotation about horizontal axes through the centers of rotation of the eyes, means for moving the test means separately about theirrespective axes of rotation and means for connecting the test means for movement as a unit about the axes.

20. In a device of the character described, the combination of a head support and test means pivotally connected to said support, the said pivot having a sight opening therein at a given distance 25 from its axis with which the cornea or other part of the eye may be aligned and by means of which the axis of the pivot may be located substantially coincident with the centerof rotation of the eye.

21. A device for. testing binocular vision com- 30 prising .means forpositioning the eyes ofY a patient, ilxation object means for fixingl the vergence of the eyesata predetermined distance from the eyes, aftest object means adjustable to'varous distances from an eye, means for causing ap- 35 parent superimposition of the images of said xation object means and said test object means, lens holding means on sai eye positioning means between said superimposition means and said eye, and lens means in said holding means for de- 40 termining` the apparent distance between said eye and said object means. f 22.` A device for testing binocular vision Acomprising means for positioning the eyes of a patient, xation object means visible to both eyes 45 for fixing the vergence of the eyes at a predeter- `[mined distance from the eyes, a separate test ob- /Jcct means adjustable to various distances from an eye, means for causing apparent superimpositionv of the images of said xation object means 60 and said test object means, lens holding means on said eye positioning means between said superimpositiony means and said eye, adliiens means in said holding means for determining the apparent distance between said eye and said test ob- 56 ject means. J

23. A device of the character described comprising eye testing means, fixation means' substantiaily in the same light path with said testing means and means for projecting along said path 60 an aerial image of 'said testing means in varying positions relatively to the eye and said .fixation meanasaid fixation means being apertured for simulta'neousxation of the eye and vision of said `aerial image while it is moved into focus.

24. A-device of the character described 'comprising eye testing means, fixation means substantially in the same light path with said testing means and means for projecting along said path an'aerial image of said testing means in 70 varying positions relatively to the. eye and said ilxation means, saidfixation means being apertured for simultaneous ilxation of the eye and vilsion of said aerial image, while -it is moved into focus, with rays from each visible point of the 15 'aerial image lling the entire pupil of the eye.

25.'A device of the character described comprising eye testing means, nxation means substantially in the same -light path with said testing means, both'testing and fixation means being poy sitioned out of the undeviated line of vision of the 5 eye under test, means in the direct line of vision of the eye under test to afford vision of said test and said fixation means, and means for projecting an aerial image of said testing meansin varying positions relatively to the eye and said n f xation means.

26. In a device of the character described the combination of means for dennitely'positioning each eye of a patient relatively to said device, and

of fixation means and variable test means ary fixation means, said fixation means being apertured for simultaneous xatioi of the eye and vision of said aerial image while it is moved into focus, and means for moving said aerial image into focus and for determining the position 'thereof relatively to the eye fixed by said positioning' 25 v means.

27. A device `of the character described comprising xation means and variable test means arranged to be viewedby the eye under test and substantially in the same lightpath, means for projecting an aerial image of said testing means in varying positions relatively to the eye and said xation means, said iixation means being apertured vfor simultaneous xation of thev eye and vision of said aerial image, while it is moved into focus, with rays from each visible point of said aerial image lling the entire pupil of the eye, means for movingsaid aerial image into focus, and means for determining the position of said aerial image relatively to the eyes. 28. A device for testing binocular vision, oomprising light deviating means before each eye, xation objects sidewise of the eyes in lines ofV vision determined by said deviating means, a'

test object, and means for mounting said test object in one of said lines of vision for adjustment to various distances from an eye, one of the objects before an eye having a portion through lwhich the other object before that eye may be observed by the eye, said ilxation and test objects being diiferent in appearance for l distinction thereof during simultaneous observation, and said deviating means superposing the appearances of saidflxation objects and, differentiated therefrom, of said test object.

29,'In a device oi' the characterdescribed,

Vmeans for positioning an eye, means for projectfrom one side of the target to the other upon .05

adjustment ofthe object.v

30. In a device of the character described, means for positioning an eye, a test object positioned in the line of vision of saideye at a given distance from said positioning means, means for adjusting the distance between said positioning means and said test object. and a test target in the same line of vision having a traversable portion through'which object may pais visibly u f'a'osaois a3. A device according to claim 3ov further characterized by means for rotating said target about said line of vision.v

34. A device of the character described comprising an eye testing target, aiixation target substantially in the same light path with said testing target, means for moving the position of said testing target along said light path toward and away from the eye and said fixation target, one of said targets having a traversable portion through which said other target may pass visibly from one side of said target to the other upon adjustment relatively thereto of the other target.

35. In a device of the character described, a head support frame having a surface thereon, a plate having a flat surface in contact with said first surface 'and slidably mounted upon said rst surface for lateral adjustment in any direction upon that surface, a chin rest mounted on said plate, and means for slidably adjusting and fixing said plate relatively to said iirst surface! 36. The device according to claim in combination with a two dimensional scale and a mark associated with said surface and said plate head support frame having a surface thereon, a

plate having a nat surface in contact withy said first surface and slidably mounted upon said ilrst surface for lateral adjustment in any direction upon that surface, a chin rest mounted on said plate, a forehead rest adjustable on said frame independently of said chin rest, and means for determining the extent of movement of said rests relatively to said frame.

38.l A device for testing binocular vision, com prising a xation object in the direct line of vision of both eyes, a target for each eye outside said direct line of vision, each target having a fusible object similar to the fusible object of the other target and non-fusible objects similarly arranged, but dissimilar to, the non-fusible objects of the other target, -and a test object adjustable to various distances from an eye, in the indirect line of vision of one of said targets, and means for the apparent visual superposition of siid fixation object, said targets and said test o ect.

39. A device for testing binocular vision, comprising fixation objects removed from the direct line of vision of each eye, a target in the indirect line of vision of each nxation object, each target having a fusible object similar to the fusible object ofthe other target and non-fusible objects similarly arranged, but dissimilar to, the nonfusible objects of the other target, and a test objectadjustable yto various distances from an eye, in the indirect line of vision of one of said fixation objects, and meansfor the apparent visual superposition of said fixation obiects',.s aid targets and said test object.

40. A device of thecharacter'deocribed comprising means for positioning` the' head of a patient in predetermined position, means for testing eye defects at adjustable vergence distances from said positioning means, with rays from each visible point of said testing. means filling the entire pupil of the eye receiving these rays,

and means for rotating said testing means about v a substantially horizontal axisthrough the centers of rotation of the eyes, for making'tests at reading position with the eyes rotated downwardly and the head in unchanged position.

4l. A device of the character described comprising means for positioning the head of a patient in predetermined position, means for testing dioptric, muscular and ocular image difference defects at adjustable vergence distances from said positioning means, with rays from each visible point of said testing means fillingl the entire pupil of the eye receiving these rays, and

. means for rotating said testing means about asubstantially horizontal axis through the centers of rotation of the eyes, for making tests at reading position with the eyes rotated downwardly and the head in substantially unchanged position. l y

42. A device of the character described'comprising means for positioning the head of a patient in predetermined position, means for testing the refractive defects of the eyes adjustable from an eil'ective distance causing relaxed accommodation of the eyes to effective reading distance, means for measuring the focal distance of each eye separately with binocular fusion at v,either distance, with rays fromeach visible point of saidtestingmeansnllingtheentir'spupil of the eye receiving `these rays, and means for rotating said testing means aboutl a substantially prising means for positioning the 'head of a4 patient in predetermined position, means for presentingtheeyes with test 'tmeans adjustable from an effective causing relaxed accommodation of the eyes to eifective reading distance and having for the respective eyes appearances whose ocular images can be differentiated for comparison thereof, and means for rotating said testing meansabout a substantially horizontal axis through the centers of rotation of the eyes, for making tests at reading position with the eyes rotated downwardly and tnenead in unchanged position.

44. A device of the character described comprising means for positioning the head ofa patient in predetermined position, separate' test means for each eye en'ectively positioned to cause relaxed accommodation, means for making only one test means visible to each respective eye, means for changing the apparent relative posivtion of said test means for measuring phorias,

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